{"id":714,"date":"2026-03-23T21:48:54","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T18:48:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/?page_id=714"},"modified":"2026-06-17T11:05:04","modified_gmt":"2026-06-17T08:05:04","slug":"714-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/en\/714-2\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

Russian particle -ka: new answers to old questions<\/h1>\n
Pages:<\/strong> 28-36 \u00a0|
\nDOI:<\/strong> 10.37724\/RSU.2026.76.1.004 \u00a0|
\nEDN:<\/strong> EPYIMM \u00a0|
\nUDK:<\/strong> 81-114.2<\/div>\n
\n

Kriukova A.I.<\/strong>
\nVinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Lomonosov Moscow State University<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Abstract<\/strong>Although different points of view have been expressed on whether the particle -ka, which is mainly used with verbs, affects the illocutionary force of a directive utterance, researchers currently agree that -ka mitigates it. We propose new arguments to support that the only component of -ka\u2019s meaning is the suddenness of the causation impulse, whereas the feeling of \u201csoftening\u201d the utterance arises due to the fact that the pragmatic context of using the particle requires close acquaintance of the interlocutors. We also present a more accurate description of its pragmatics based on two dimensions of pragmatics \u2014 power and distance \u2014 and show that, depending on the meaning of these two parameters, a statement can be affectionate, polite, neutral, excessively friendly or rude. The identification of two different factors makes it possible to determine that it is distance, not power, that determines the assessment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Keywords:<\/strong> particle -ka, illocutionary force mitigation, imperatives, directive, power, distance, indirect speech acts, causation impulse, sudden causation<\/div>\n
Funding:<\/strong>
\nnone<\/div>\n
\n

References<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • 1. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044f\u043d \u042e. \u0414. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \/\/ \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \/ \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u0449. \u0440\u0443\u043a. \u042e. \u0414. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044f\u043d\u0430. \u2014 \u041c. ; \u0421\u041f\u0431. : \u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, 2017. \u2014 \u0422. 3. \u2014 \u0421. 745\u2013751.<\/li>\n
  • 2. \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410. \u041d. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438. \u2014 \u041c. : \u0418\u0437\u0434-\u0432\u043e \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a. \u0443\u043d-\u0442\u0430, 1964. \u2014 186 \u0441.<\/li>\n
  • 3. \u0412\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0412. \u0412. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a (\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435) : \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431. \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432 \/ \u043e\u0442\u0432. \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0413. \u0410. \u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u2014 3-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434., \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440. \u2014 \u041c. : \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448. \u0448\u043a., 1986. \u2014 640 \u0441.<\/li>\n
  • 4. \u041a\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0418. \u041c. \u041e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \/\/ \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u2014 \u041c. : \u0418\u043d-\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0437\u043d. \u0410\u041d \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, 1988. \u2014 \u0421. 39\u201346.<\/li>\n
  • 5. \u041a\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0418. \u041c. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432) \/\/ Linguistische Arbeitsberichte. \u2014 1989. \u2014 \u2116 70. \u2014 \u0421. 38\u201347.<\/li>\n
  • 6. \u041a\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0418. \u041c. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446 \/\/ \u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \/ \u043e\u0442\u0432. \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u041d. \u0414. \u0410\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u2014 \u041c. : \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1990. \u2014 \u0421. 194\u2013203.<\/li>\n
  • 7. \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422. \u0412. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \/\/ \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \/ \u043e\u0442\u0432. \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u042e. \u0414. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044f\u043d. \u2014 \u041c. : \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d. \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, 2014. \u2014 \u0422. 2. \u2014 \u0421. 284\u2013288.<\/li>\n
  • 8. \u041a\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0438\u043d \u041b. \u041f. \u041e \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \/\/ Wiener Slawistischer Almanach \/ eds. A. A. Hansen-L\u00f6ve, T. Reuther. \u2014 Vienna : Gesellschaft zur F\u00f6rderung slawistischer Studien, 1983. \u2014 Bd. 11. \u2014 S. 169\u2013187.<\/li>\n
  • 9. \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418. \u0411. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b -\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \/\/ \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 : \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043a \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b. \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440. \u0440\u0443\u0441. \u043b\u0438\u0442. \u044f\u0437. (\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u044b \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440. \u0441\u0442.). \u2014 \u041c. : \u0412\u0418\u041d\u0418\u0422\u0418, 1991. \u2014 \u0412\u044b\u043f. 32. \u2014 \u0421. 136\u2013140.<\/li>\n
  • 10. \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418. \u0411. \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u041a\u0410 \/\/ \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u2014 2019. \u2014 \u2116 18 (25). \u2014 \u0421. 1\u201310.<\/li>\n
  • 11. \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418. \u0411. -\u043a\u0430 \/\/ \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \/ \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u0449. \u0440\u0443\u043a. \u042e. \u0414. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044f\u043d\u0430. \u2014 \u041c. : \u041c\u0426\u041d\u041c\u041e, 2024. \u2014 \u0422. 4, \u0447. 2. \u2014 \u0421. 6\u20137.<\/li>\n
  • 12. \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 (\u041d\u041a\u0420\u042f). \u2014 URL : https:\/\/ruscorpora.ru (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 20.12.2025).<\/li>\n
  • 13. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u041d. \u0412. \u042d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 -\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435: \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0444\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441? \/\/ \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0418\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 : \u0441\u0431. \/ \u043e\u0442\u0432. \u0440\u0435\u0434. T. \u041c. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u2014 \u041c. : \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u043a, 1996. \u2014 \u0421. 574\u2013583.<\/li>\n
  • 14. \u0423\u0440\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043d \u0415. \u0412. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u0432: \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u2014 \u041c. : \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d. \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440, 2011. \u2014 336 \u0441.<\/li>\n
  • 15. \u0425\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412. \u0421., \u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0410. \u041f. \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \/ \u043e\u0442\u0432. \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0412. \u0411. \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447. \u2014 2-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434., \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u2014 \u041c. : \u0415\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0423\u0420\u0421\u0421, 2002. \u2014 272 \u0441.<\/li>\n
  • 16. \u0428\u0438\u043c\u0447\u0443\u043a \u042d., \u0429\u0443\u0440 \u041c. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446. \u2014 Frankfurt Am Mein : Peter Lang, 1999. \u2014 146 \u0441.<\/li>\n
  • 17. \u0426\u0438\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0410. \u0412. A \u0432\u043e\u0437 \u0438 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435-\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043c. \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b -\u041a\u0410 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 : \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b.-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442. \u2014 2025\u0430. \u2014 URL : https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/15315582 (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 20.12.2025).<\/li>\n
  • 18. \u0426\u0438\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0410. \u0412. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430 -\u041a\u0410. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f : \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b.-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437. \u2014 2025\u0431. \u2014 URL : https:\/\/goo.su\/gTF2flK (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 20.12.2025).<\/li>\n
  • 19. Brown P., Levinson S. Politeness. Some universals in language usage. \u2014 Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987 [1978]. \u2014 358 p.<\/li>\n
  • 20. Caffi C. Mitigation. \u2014 Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2007. \u2014 342 p.<\/li>\n
  • 21. Fraser B. Conversational mitigation \/\/ Journal of Pragmatics. \u2014 1980. \u2014 \u2116 4. \u2014 Pp. 341\u2013350.<\/li>\n
  • 22. Leech G. Principles of pragmatics. \u2014 L. ; NY : Longman, 1983. \u2014 264 p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
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      Russian particle -ka: new answers to old questions Pages: 28-36 \u00a0| DOI: 10.37724\/RSU.2026.76.1.004 \u00a0| EDN: EPYIMM \u00a0| UDK: 81-114.2 Kriukova A.I. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Lomonosov Moscow State University AbstractAlthough different points of view have been expressed on whether the particle -ka, which is mainly used with verbs, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/714"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=714"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/714\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":852,"href":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/714\/revisions\/852"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fljournal.rsu-rzn.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=714"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}